R. Martines, G. Biscontin
n.d.
G.P. Treccani
In the field of architectural restoration, technological innovation is an important and crucial challenge, as problems dealing with conservation and reuse of historical buildings are countless and original. On the other hand, it is necessary to reflect on all the aspects which technological innovation touches in the field of restoration. For this reason, some problematical aspects are underlined in the essay: the search for innovative ideas which, however, are all too often abstract and not very relevant to the problems of conservation which each historic buildings poses; problems dealing with frequent non-correspondence between an innovative project of restoration and an obsolete organization of the restoration building site, due to technological backwardness which frequently pertains to restoration; the aspiration to technological innovation at all cost which, in many cases, induces us to consider the plant-engineering elements introduced in previous interventions of restoration as obsolete, regardless of the non-necessity of replacement. In conclusion, innovation in restoration is an important challenge but it has to be studied with particular awareness.
KEYWORD: technological innovation,
conservation, restoration.
A.Chiapparini, M. de Adamich
Communication of cultural heritage is a complex and often not treated stage of the conservation process. Privileging a simple communication, aspects related to technical know-how are frequently neglected because they are considered excessively specialized. On the contrary, research and application of technical solutions for conservation helps us to understand the concreteness of heritage, which must be constantly studied and treated with specific solutions that require new and traditional skills.
In this perspective, the experience Milano nei Cantieri dell’Arte, endorsed by a system of private and public stakeholders, tries to promote local heritage through the enhancement of skills and know-how of building enterprises operating in the territory of Milano and its surroundings.
Therefore, the paper aims to understand opportunities of a renewed relationship between innovation and heritage, considering a dual process that on the one hand tries to enhance entrepreneurship and local skills, and on the other tries to spread awareness about heritage complexity and fragility.
KEYWORDS: Communication, conservation, know-how, entrepreneurship
M. Naldini, I. Natali, E. Carretti, P. Baglioni, L. Dei
The synthesis and characterization of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles/tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) nanocomposites and their possible application to the conservation of limestone materials are presented. Various synthesis strategies have been followed in order to obtain stable systems. The nanocomposites materials have been studied after their deposition onto the surface of some microscope glasses. Optical and electronic (SEM) microscopy investigations have been performed in order to understand the influence of the amount of water and of the ratio nanoparticles/TEOS onto the morphology of the composites. The chemical characterization of the final products has been performed by means of Fourier Transformed InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR).
KEYWORDS: Consolidation, Nanocomposites, TEOS, Nanoparticles, Calcium Hydroxyde.
F. Albani
A series of residential estates - in particularly QT8 estate (Milan, Italy), Merlan estate (Noisy-le-Sec, France) and Demostration Houses (Northolt, Great Britain) - which were built in the immediate post-war period and inspired by an experimental and “innovative” approach (urban-planning, architecture and building techniques) to the urgent problems posed by post-war reconstruction. The experiment lay in producing “prototype” houses before launching rebuilding programmes to test new layouts and distribution of volumes, new industrialised building technologies and assess building costs and timelines. This paper aims to focus on the way these experimental estates, which contain structures created using very different materials and modes of assembly, have withstood the passage of time and which kind of safeguard strategy choose for them. Decay, the need to adapt structures to the standards of comfort and housing expected by a new generation of inhabitants, on-going demolition, the small alterations continually being made to the structures raise the question of how to protect the architectural heritage represented by these prototypes - part publicly part privately owned -, which bear material witness to the initial application of prefabricated building systems that would later be employed in the construction of large parts of our cities. The aim is to consider how inevitable and necessary transformations might be “governed”, with full recognition of the need to safeguard both the architectural characteristics of individual housing units and the overall appearance of the area as a whole.
KEY-WORD: post-war reconstruction, experimental estates, technology innovation, prefabrication, preservation strategy.
M. Casaburo, A. Galeone
This work examines critical aspects and issues of method in the use of innovative products in the restoration of wall paintings in Italy between Nineteenth and Twentieth century. Especially the analysis focuses the attention on application of paraffin; this material has a progressive ride and a next deep decay between the end of Nineteenth and the forties of the Twentieth century.
Mainly paraffin has been used to solve problems of optical alteration, caused by previous aspersions with wax or by dampness, on Italian wall paintings of all ages, from Northern to Southern Italy. In many cases the damages caused by restoration with paraffin are irreversible, and today we can still observe it on paintings.
KEY-WORDS: conservation of wall paintings, history of restoration, wax, paraffin
A.M. Oteri
In restoration, art and science coexist in a precarious equilibrium. For this reason, it is very difficult to connect technological and ethic issues, in the theoretical field. The final result, over time, has been to define the actual practice of restoration – which, under the burden of tradition had opted for the reassuring comfort of technological innovation – as something different from the theory which, on the contrary, is strictly connected to its past. The essay analyzes the complex and often ambiguous relationship, in the field of restoration, between theoretical issues and technological innovation. Since 1931 when, for the first time, restoration officially opened the door to innovative technologies and building materials, interventions have often veered away from theoretical principles. On the other hand, the theory of restoration has not been able to align itself to new technological updates. This is particularly evident on reading the most important books dealing with the theory of restoration published after the Second World War, when – because of war damage – many projects of repair or reconstruction of historic buildings were based, sometimes against the most consolidated theoretical principles, on technological innovation.
KEY-WORDS: technological innovation, tradition, theoretical principles
D. Pittaluga
Nowadays the operating practice in construction yards often proceeds and evolves by following the fashion and the slogans, or it just follows an uncontrolled technological transfer. There is a risk to forget about the real targets and requirements, and to lose the shared awareness of them. But what did it was the situation in the past? Nevertheless progress occured in those times too. It’s worthwhile to investigate where innovative solutions were adopted, what were the motivations and the results. Alessandro Antonelli, best known for his “Mole Antonelliana” in Turin, had this concpet of architecture: the building is the unforeseeable result of an indefinite continuous process of incremental transformation and set-up, where the original design is always alterated. In this process he refused habits and he always found the opportunity to face and solve new and more complex building problems. Conventionalism didn’t make sense for him, because innovation is the yeast of society and the designer mission is never-ending innovation.
This paper starts from Antonelli’s experience and his words about innovation, and it compares innovative elements in present restorations with innovative elements in ancient building operations in the past. What were at those times the occasions when innovation occurred and new materials were experimented ? What were the stimulus for this ? Was it demand to drive research for new products and techniques ? was there a governance, planning and consciousness in this innovation or it simply occured “by chance” ? This is examined in construction yards from the middle age to the XIXth century that brought important innovations in building materials, both as new products and new techniques to use old products. Written sources analysis let us know the motivations behind these changes, the debates and the reluctances, and also the reasons behind the refuses for innovative solutions and materials. The contexts for these decisions are evaluated too, comparing them to the present restoration viewpoints. In the past the innovation element was inserted in the context of consolidated traditions. And now ? Now traditions restoration has an innovative value too: this challenge is examined with a discussion on the risk that also in thie case “evolution proceeds by following the fashion and the slogans, or it just for an uncontrolled technological transfer, with the risk to forget about the real targets and requirements, and to lose the shared awareness of them”.
KEY-WORD: development, process, building, innovation ,materials, tradition
G. Martines
Shali is an historical citadel made in earthen construction in the Siwa Oasis in the Egyptian desert. The traditional construction technique is based on the use of earthen binders and salt blocks. the increased rainfall of the last half century create a point of crisis for these materials which rapidly dissolve. Meanwhile the introduction of new materials and new forms for housing caused the abandonment of the historic town in the Shali hill for the new districts in the valley.
Under these conditions the cycle of continuous ordinary maintenance which so far have kept alive this architecture is no longer guaranteed, and degradation is leading this heritage to a total loss in a few decades.
The international restorers community has recently tried, unsuccessfully, several conservation techniques, based on local interventions on the collapsed structures, aimed at the musealization and at the maintaining of the ruins.
On the other hand, we are now proposing a partial reconstruction of some structures, re-using the vernacular constructive techniques and reactivating the cycle in construction, usage and maintenance that has so far ensured the survival of the site.
KEY WORDS: Innovation in historical construction techniques, Rebuild of historical structure, Anthropic context safeguard, earthen construction,
S. Pesenti
The contribution means to investigate the evolution of the ‘innovation’ word significance in the restoration discipline history, making a report between acquired knowledges and current development perspectives.
KEY-WORD: history of the restoration discipline, innovation maintenance, use
V. Borasi, G.
Massaglia
(Title: ”What should be done in order to intervene on a monument without running the risk of doing wrong”). By definition, “innovation” is not concerned about preservation of examples from the past, and as a consequence is not bound to respect it, where it is not useful it can eliminate it without hesitation. Nowadays we consider “innovation” as the search of the least expensive means in order to amend the defects of a building process without eliminating it. Said least expensive means might consist in eliminating logistic and administrative bounds, bureaucratic waste, quantity of hand labour, expensive materials. In the field of industrials production this is frequently obtained through automation an IT. In the field or restoration the most effective “innovation” might be: - to rewrite the “Charta”s and restoration Manuals with the hierarchy of the values internationally accepted (history of arts, safety, sustainability, elegance, etc); - to provided monuments with sufficient ambiental protection (from flood, ravine, dangerous ambients, etc); - not to make people live in contact with dangerous substances; - to leave aside unspecialized professionals and to form new experts specialized to the utmost level in one restoration technology each. Analogies with the medicine are always useful: highest attention towards innovation in the field of non invasive and non destructive diagnostic analysis, but at the same time highest attention before applying new therapies until having carefully tested that they are safe from harms.
KEY-WORD: 1. innovations useful for restoration; 2. innovation does not love the past; 3. unsatisfactions from useless novelties; 4. damages to monuments from wrong novelties; 5. novelties dangerous for restoration; 6. better and better restoration processes; 7. more professional attitude in the field of restoration; - 8. lead the professionals to be sure they can not go wrong.
S. Della
Torre
This paper investigates the theme of creativity in Heritage sector through the processes of “knowledge reuse”. Findings in management science are considered in order to point out some issues which are likely to be relevant also in Heritage sector. The role of metaknowledge seems to be crucial to ensure a productive development of transferred knowledge complying with the special needs of the recipient sector; moreover, people involved in knowledge reuse process may be influenced by the process itself, strengthening their scientific identity and their ability and willingness to network as well as to rethink problems. A kind of interpreting model is suggested, which could be a tool to evaluate knowledge reuse processes. Two case studies have been reviewed, namely the development of laser cleaning techniques and the development of maintenance procedures under the label of preventive and planned conservation.
KEY-WORDS: Creativity, Heritage, Knowledge Reuse, Laser Cleaning, Planned Conservation
A.L.C. Ciribini
As far as conservation is concerned, as well as in other areas, the construction industry must cope with the processes affecting the technological and organizational innovation.
Among such processes, the most meaningful concern lies about the link occurring amongst the integrated design process and the building performance engineering.
For this reason, beyond the priority usually given to the technologies, the focus on the product cannot be divorced from its design and from the design process itself.
Automatic Tracking of Progressed Works seems a research field suitable to show how product, process and design might be interlinked.
Clients, Designers and Suppliers must deal with the Contractors in order to assess the reliability of products that have been conceived elsewhere and transferred later on to the Conservation field.
KEY-WORDS Innovation, Augmented Reality, Laser Scanning, Building Information Modeling, Building Performance Engineering, Project Control
L. Saccani Marini
Starting from the premise that at the present time there is low (or even non-existent) innovation in the restoration field, we will analyse the possible causes that hinder the development of the innovation process.
In conclusion, since potential innovations of the restorer should be done with method, we will show some of the latest innovations.
KEY-WORDS: restauro, kit magnetique, tecnologia laser
A. Zanni Nadini, E. Bossi, A. Ghini , B. Gherri
When a project demands to select specific environmental-friendly building materials, a correct approach to choose them is to perform LCA analysis through the process. In fact, these evaluations allow to determine the environmental impact that a particular product generates along its life - from the moment of the extraction, through its use and eventually its disposal - thus permitting the objective comparison between different materials for a specific use. The material which, on a given performance basis, shows the lowest LCA values is the one that consumes the lower quantity of energy/resources and produces the lower amount of pollution: therefore, it represents the most suitable solution for the case. An opportunity to test this method is given by the restoration process of a post-war building site in Parma.
KEY-WORDS: building materials; Life Cycle Assessment; sustainability; post-war social housing
R. Moioli
The working context is the Conservation process in which Conservation is meant as a sequence of the following activities: study, prevention, maintenance and restoration.
The Conservation process is able to point out a productive chain which is characterized by an horizontal system of integration among the subjects called to participate to the process.
The paper is based on the possibility of integration among the cultural activities and the economic chains of a region, assuming the role of built cultural heritage as central. The scientific fields involved are mainly economics of culture and preservation/conservation of built cultural heritage. The innovative approach implies an attitude towards the cross fertilization among skills and competences of both the disciplines, economics and conservation, with the building of new synergies.
KEY-WORDS Conservation process, Built Cultural Heritage, Economics, Cross Fertilization, Non use values, Economic valuation, Production of values.
M. Catalano, M. Leoni, V. Pracchi
The conservation process involves the sharing and spreading of conceptual and practical tools. The public works law allows an opportunity for control activities and a verification of the conservation process, as it is defined by article 29 of the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code, with the Preliminary Planning Document. The present study, part of a larger research project, focuses on procedures before the intervention and identifies the Preliminary Planning Document, if revised for application on listed buildings especially of public property, as a fundamental tool used to clarify the needs governing the conservation campaign, in order to define the criteria to adopt during the intervention and for the final validation. The aim of the research is to prepare guidelines supporting public customers which often manage listed buildings. Some interviews done with public administration technicians are useful to explain the problems that weaken the possibility of this innovative tool and the potentialities not yet utilized.
KEY-WORD Conservation, preliminary planning document, process innovation
D. Benedetti, E. Cecchini, D. Del Curto, M. Gelmini,
A. Griletto, F. Minelli, G.P. Treccani, S. Tucci, L. Valisi, G. Vassena
Development and management of a programmed conservation plan is a complex process that involves multidisciplinary expertise in all the phases of the project. Starting from the historical-critical analysis, to the geometric survey, through diagnostic tests, the aim is to provide a valuable and complete tool that allows to carry out the maintenance operations through an efficient and fast process, minimizing, in the long-term, the need for invasive restoration interventions. Due to the extremely various nature of the information to be processed for the development of a programmed conservation plan, it is usually very difficult to manage such an amount of data using the standard methods of architectural design, mainly based on conventional technical drawings. The project proposed at “Pieve di Ostiano” includes the development of an innovative methodology that allow the operators exploiting the potential of a 3D Laser Scanner survey system, providing a new software application that can directly operate on a high-resolution geometric model by the optimized management of the 3D dataset. The building is currently in critical conditions, from the conservation point of view, so it is an ideal case study to develop and implement the method and the software's functions. This methodological approach represents a significant advancement in the development of tools for maintenance plans, giving the designer the opportunity of optimizing both the knowledge phase and the project management, with a real-time update of the model during the work and providing the conservator with a valuable system for the assisted maintenance of Cultural Heritage.
KEY-WORDS: Conservation, Maintenance, Cultural Heritage, Representation, Ortho-photo, Laser Scanning, 3D, Diagnostics
Promuovere le metodologie per la conservazione programmata,
considerazioni per la gestione di
uno
strumento di erogazione innovativo
A. Baldioli
In 2008 Fondazione Cariplo has chosen to support preventive conservation in the frame of its action plans focused on historical heritage valorisation, integrated conservation and management. The call for proposal ‘Promoting new technology for preventive conservation’ was launched in 2008 and monitored during the first 2 years of activity. This paper intends to synthesise all positive and critical responses to the granting initiative, explain the innovative topics introduced in the last edition 2011 and provide new elements for new challenges in architectural heritage conservation and maintenance.
KEY-WORDS Architectural heritage, Planned conservation, Prevention, Granting policy, Call for proposal
R. Bugini, M. Caroselli, L. Folli
The natural stone was always set to enhance the colour, the veins and the structure with different cut or surface finishing; the artificial stone too was made of selected raw materials in order to obtain a perfect imitation of some natural stones (granite, marble, conglomerate etc.). A hasty method of “cleaning” the surface of natural or artificial stones was diffused on the Milan buildings in the last decade. This method consists in a painted film uniformly covering the stone surface and hiding the decay phenomena together with the original colour and the texture. The use of a painted film in place of a correct cleaning means a complete transformation of the stone surface and also the removal of the painted film will not allow to restore the original status.
KEY-WORDS: pietra naturale, pietra artificiale, pittura, pulitura.
A. Boninu, F.
Campus
n.d.
A. Calia, C. Esposito Corcione, M. Frigione, M.
Lettieri, M. Masieri, L. Matera, R. Striani
The presented study is aimed at developing and studying the properties of innovative products for stone protection, to apply as monomers and subject to “in situ” polymerization induced by UV/visible radiations. The tested products are based on a trifunctional methacrylic monomer, where different amounts of a vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, grafted with a mercaptosilane, were added; a photoinitiator capable to operate under UV radiation, was used.
The liquid formulations, firstly characterized by calorimetric analyses and rheological measurements, were applied either on glass or on stone, in order to investigate the coating properties irrespective to the substrate; a moderately porous calcarenite and a limestone with very low porosity, were used. Immediately after the treatments some specimens were exposed to an UV source to activate photopolymerization, other samples were stored in a dark area. Superficial strength, static contact angle and color properties, were measured. In addition, morphological observations by ESEM, EDS microanalyses and FTIR analyses, were carried out on the treated stone surfaces.
This study highlighted a strict dependence of the coating properties not only on the exposition to the UV radiation but especially on the substrate features. Furthermore, the evaluation of the surface properties was of great importance to correct the formulation of the products and improve their performances.
KEY-WORDS: Stone protection, in situ photopolymerization, thermal analysis, water-repellence, color evaluation, surface distribution.
R. Parenti
The “description” of a material structure requires a high degree of objectivity to serve the scientific interests (archeological documentation, conserva-tion and restoration, safeguarding of cultural assets and heritage). Geometric data and photographic documentation of surfaces are thus the best instruments for effi-cacious, clear and objective recording of architectural objects and other anthropic manifestations. In particular, the completeness of photographic documentation has always proven essential in recording the material structure of historical buildings.
The aim of our contribution is to show the results carried out with the aid of survey methodologies that utilize digital photographic images to generate RGB (ZScan) point clouds of architectural monuments (urban standing buildings, monuments in archaeological areas, etc.) and art objects.
These technologies allow us to capture data using digital photogrammetric techniques; although not based on laser scanners, they can create dense 3D point clouds, simply by using images that have been obtained via digital camera. The results are comparable to those achieved with laser scanner technology, although the procedures are simpler, faster and cheaper.
Cooperation among experts from different disciplines (archaeology, enginee-ring and photogrammetry) will allow us to develop technologies and proposals for a widely adoptable workflow in the application of such technologies, in order to build an integrated system that can be used throughout the scientific community.
KEY-WORD: Points clouds Photogrammetry, Micro-Photogrammetry, Cultural Heritage, 3D models from images, Three-dimensional Survey, Building Archaeology, multi-disciplinary recording.
CONTRATTI DI QUARTIERE
II A SERRAVALLE DI VITTORIO VENETO: INTERVENTO DI EDILIZIA POPOLARE MEDIANTE IL
RECUPERO DI EDIFICI STORICI, FINALIZZATO ALL’EFFICIENZA ENRGETICA ED ALLA
SOSTENIBILITA’, NEL RISPETTO DELLE STRUTTURE ORIGINARIE
W. Antoniazzi, M. . Scalet, A. Torsello, C. Crego
The project consists on the construction of n°6 residential units for young and old people inside a historic building within the city center of Serravalle - Vittorio Veneto(TV).
The project is part of a proposed urban renewal – Contratti di Quartiere II (Neighbourhood Contracts II)- and it respect the content of the "Guida ai programmi di sperimentazione dell'Edilizia residenziale pubblica e delle politiche abitative" (Guide to the testing programs of public housing and housing policy). ENEA, which sponsored the trials, submitted the project in a series of tests and checks on technological innovation. The project is mostly interesting for the following features:
-morphological quality - preservation and enhancement of historic buildings
-ecosystem quality - energy-saving resources
-quality of use of space and structures
All these choices demonstrate the economic compatibility between architectural quality projects and sustainability in the field of historical buildings.
KEY–WORDS: POPULAR HOUSING –ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE – RESTORATION - SUSTENAIBILITY –
R. Codello, A. Poletto, A. Torsello, B. De
Stefano
Frame replacement plays a fundamental role in building restoration. It starts from the problematic relation and dialog that belongs to the project on historical and monumental buildings between the aesthetic aspect, and the functional aspect, which is essential for also regaining an indispensable level of dwelling comfort in living.
The historical buildings were generally made with small openings to contain the thermical dispersions: then they turned to windows with reduced visible parts of the frame and consequently providing a larger glazed area.Today
engineering and design precision requires the visible thickness of the typical old frames to be maintained while complying with the new standards that entail the use of thermal break window and door frames.
As a result of research and in-depth studies working in team on ancient buildings, is an innovavative system for window and door frames with a truly slender section and a range of aesthetic features that are ideal for restoration.
KEY – WORDS: WINDOWS FOR RESTORATION- WINDOWS AND DOOR FRAME- STEEL WINDOWS
L. Pecchioli
Today the new technology can improve the visualization and the accessibility to information. In particular the digital archives, web applications and virtual reconstructions can help the preservation in the various fields of the Cultural Heritage. The usage of 3D environments is not an easy task, but it improves the understanding of the object or a context. Especially via Web there aren’t many cases of web applications with 3D models connected to data and accessibile in real time.
Moreover the communication between who produces the information and who should develop softwares managing data, is often lacking and represents an important issue.
In this contribute we present an innovative method called ISEE, that allows the user to retrieve information using the simple navigation in the model. It represents a development of a tool in the Cultural Heritage born from an interdisciplinary collaboration. The system can be used by a common user or a professional figure, because it doesn’t have any special requirements using the modern web browsers through internet. The system has been applied to selected case studies relative both to outdoor and indoor environments, proving potentially to be also an interesting prototype as a smart guide.
KEY-WORD: 3D visualization, relevant information, 3D Gaussian, virtual reality, preventive conservation, web-based visualization.
R. Quaresima, A. Pedicini, P. Pedicini, F. Mastrocinque,
P.G.Guzzo
In extensive archaeological sites the conservation of the masonries concerns only those with decorative function such as small portion of structures or substrates of paintings. On the other hand the conservation of ordinary masonries presents a series of difficulties associated with the undoubted lack of financial supports as well as dedicated and specific products and technologies.
In the present work the methodology adopted to design and realize repair mortars for the conservation of ordinary archaeological masonries is reported. The methodology is based on a traditional approach (in situ visual checks, characterization of decay and materials, mapping of the decay, use of lime, natural hydraulic lime, brick dust, pozzolana, marble dust, etc.). The innovation consists in the family of repairs mortars prodiuced (18 receipts based on the admixture of “untraditional” materials such us superplasticizers and cellulose products) as well as on the design and the realization of a portable injection device able to inject the grouts at low and adjustable pressures. All repairs mortars were characterized and preliminary applied on a model masonry and only the chosen were tested and applied at Pompei.
KEY-WORD: Pompei, masonry, decay, repair mortars, mix-design, lime, injection grouts, pointing mortars.
C. Baracchini, F. Fabiani, R. Grilli, A.Vecchi, R.
Parenti
Born as an interdisciplinary
R&D project, SICaR -- a highly interoperable webGIS for the management of
the restoration work, which maps and geo-references data over the exact and
measurable model of an artwork—is being adopted by the Italian Ministry for
Cultural Heritage. In this paper the last optimizations are presented,
including the revision of the section dedicated to the investigation and
recording of historical standing building structures, and some of the current
developments are outlined, aimed to register damages due to natural calamities;
to receive and process data in real time from restoration tools and devices; to
integrate a plug-in cross-browser capable of visualizing three-dimensional
models.
KEY-WORDS WebGIS, conservation documentation, open source,
recording of standing building
E. Verga Falzacappa, P. Scopece, A. Patelli, A.
Brunetin, G. Biscontin, A. Benedetti
Polymeric coatings used to protect artwork and monumental stones often need to be removed, but the cleaning isn’t certainly exempt to cause damage, although minimal, when chemical, physical, or mechanical methods are used. A new technology can help to remove these hydrophobic and protective coatings: the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is a new low temperature plasma source that results effective for removing the organic materials deposited on cultural heritage stone surfaces. In this work new results concerning the polymeric coatings removal and the stone surface cleaning by mean of atmospheric plasma for the cultural heritage field are presented. This technology has proved to be selective in the polymer removal, and to be finely controllable in terms of thickness (at the nano scale) and quantity of material that the operator wants to take off without alter the chemical-physic and aesthetic features of the stone substrate.
KEY-WORD Atmospheric pressure plasma, cultural heritage, ston,e cleaning, polymers
E. Oikonomopoulou, E.T. Delegou, N. Vesic, A.
Moropoulou
Cultural heritage nowadays has a more global meaning. With the developement of science and technology, the exchange of knowledge, theoretical and practical views, applications and experiences between countries, becomes essential and rather beneficial. The problem lies in different methods of protecting monuments with common features, resulting in a plurality of interventions without always the desired outcome. Such a problem is intensified with the lack of monitoring the condition of the monuments and the results of conservation interventions used, through the years. For this reason, cross-cultural methods for the protection and promotion of the monuments should be developed, through strategic planning of interventions. To this aim, the present study seeks to preserve, protect and promote the common cultural heritage of Greece and Serbia, through the comparative study of the 13th - 14th century monasteries. GIS operational tools were utilized to identify Serbian monasteries, associated with Greek ones, according to specific characteristics of art, chronology and location and consolidate them into cultural routes. Through the use of GIS, an information-decision management system can be developed, where datasets concerning monasteries characteristics on history, art, architecture and building materials, are recorded, correlated, distributed and attributed to space, during different time periods, contributing eventually to re-discovering and re-establishing common cultural elements between Greece and Serbia.
KEY-WORD: promotion, common cultural heritage, database, Geographic Information System, monitoring, cultural routes
N. Casagli, R. Cecchi, D. Tapete, P. Petrangeli,
R. Fanti, C. Del Ventisette
The need of an updated knowledge about the present condition of huge archaeological heritage, highly susceptible to collapses and deterioration, encouraged the experimentation of innovative radar interferometry techniques as non-invasive remote sensing technologies for multi-spatial and multi-temporal analysis of superficial deformation affecting archaeological areas of Rome (Italy). The combination of satellite and ground-based radar monitoring campaigns allowed the evaluation of structural stability in Palatino Hill and Roman Forum, highlighting the impact of recent deformation and the effect of consolidation works and guiding the planning of new restorations. Back monitoring capability of satellite techniques was demonstrated on the case study of Oppio Hill and Nero’s Golden House, clarifying the typology of ongoing deformation and the relationship with local hazard factors. The recognition of acceleration phases within time series of permanent scatterers as signals of probable future instability provided updated hazard maps for the extended archaeological systems of Roman Aqueducts and Southern Aurelian Walls, supporting the local conservators in designing the appropriate interventions and managing the preventive conservation activities.
KEYWORDS: SAR Interferometry, Permanent Scatterers, Ground-based SAR, Monitoring, Warning, Archaeological Sites, Rome
R. Ginanni Corradini, G. De Casa, M.Laurenzi
Tabasso, G. Marghella
The EIMA SYSTEM software was developed by Il Cenacolo S.r.l., with the aim to propose a useful tool for the morphological and granulometric parameterization of stones and mortars. The software summarizes the progress of computers and image analysis: in advantage of the common systems, it allows a real time mineralogical and petrographic characterization on images captured from thin sections. Then, grains can be classified by different parameters: granulometric analysis (expressed in percentage, number of grains, areas or extrapolate weight); morphological analysis with 16 different evaluation systems; abundance of the different phases. The result is a granulometric curve of mortars that is representative of the real one, obtained starting from a thin section. So it’s possible to get important information about the material without the necessity to carry out a disaggregation analysis, which, moreover, in some cases cannot be carried out.
KEY-WORD: image analysis, thin section, grain size, grain shape, mortar, stone, marble
G.Franco, F. Biondi
The paper proposes a critical reflection on the use of innovative technologies (mainly in the field of renewable sources and energy saving) on historical heritage and valuable landscape. The development of renewable energy and the attention to eco-efficiency of the built heritage represent, together with transport and productive system, strategic areas for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, in line with the latest European and national energy policy. The objectives of reducing fuel consumption are reached through insulation and/or the use of technologies powered by renewable energy sources. But if, for insulation, many critical reflections, in contrast to recent legislation, have already been conducted, yet uncertain and sporadic, in terms of impacts induced on historic buildings, landscape and environment, is an assessment of the application of innovative technologies on historical and cultural heritage. The paper intends to investigate relations between technology and culture, to stress the evident role that Restoration could assume in new research frontiers and to present few new projects showing a convincing dialogue between innovation and conservation of cultural heritage.
KEY-WORD: renewable energy, innovation, cultural heritage, landscape, cultural consciousness
E. Sala
In recent years, many studies were focused on lime-based products for the preservation of the historical heritage. The renewed interest is a consequence of the low physical, chemical, mechanical and aesthetic compatibility of cement-based products with pre-industrial lime-based structures.
The problem has been so far studied from different points of view. Important issues regard the direct mineralogical and chemical characterization of in-situ sampled lime-based products and of carbonate rocks. Other important aspects concern the handwork production techniques, almost lost by now, and the knowledge reported in written documents, starting from old treatises and manuals of architecture.
The knowledge so far gained of the ancient "rule of the art" allowed to focus attention on the mechanical behavior of lime based mix, which is not yet a well-known subject. The issue of chemical and mechanical compatibility of lime-based products was the object of a research program developed by University of Brescia, DICATA, since 2004. The study intended to provide a practical base for lime-based interventions on historical buildings. The final aim is to develop and patent innovative dry premixed products made up of Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL).
The research is now co-financed by the Lombardy Region in the context of the project: “Accordo per lo sviluppo del capitale umano del sistema universitario lombardo” (Agreement for the development of human capital of the Lombardy university system (2009).
The paper will outline the scientific process adopted by the Research Unit of Brescia through a detailed discussion of historical, experimental, regulatory and practical aspects.
KEY-WORD:Natural Hydraulic Lime Mortars, Pozzolana, Dry premixed product, Lime standards
R. Vecchiattini, G. L.A. Pesce
EN 459 is the only standard currently available on building lime at European level and, even if it is a not compulsory norm, it has been acquired as national laws by all countries of European Union. Consequently, EN 459 is the only reference point for the lime used in the construction industry. As any specific standard for binders used in restoration works has been written until now, this means that EN 459 is also the only reference point in the field of conservation of cultural heritage. Consequently EN 459 can be seen both, as resource (because any other tool is given as guarantee of product quality) and as limitation (because this standard has not been designed for the conservation filed but for all the limes used in the construction industry). Comparison between new (2010) and old (2001) version of the norm highlights an improvement process that drives some parts of this regulation toward the needs of conservation. But, as the norm is made to regulate all lime based products, it is clear that it will never meet the specific needs of conservation. For this reason, a technical analysis of different version of this norm can help to understand some of the processes that drive innovation in one of the most the restoration of cultural heritage.
Key-words: EN 459-1, European standards, building lime, technical regulations
A. Zaccaria
The contribution we are proposing embraces a number of application expedients on polychrome movable oil paintings on canvas – mainly belonging to the Church and involved in a conservation program – which have been perfected by my laboratory since 1998 to date. They aim at experimenting and researching techniques that are alternative to the typical strengthening and lining operations; they are based on reversibility and non-contamination principles while exploiting the potential offered by new and diversified processes, for instance water vapour in combination with industrial materials that are suitably adapted for restoration purposes (e.g. Teflon).
KEY WORDS: alternative expedients; water vapour; reversibility; non-contamination
G. Biscontin, U. Dainese, G. Driussi, L. Falchi,
M Mazzari, R.Nicoletti
This study deals with the characterisation of innovative commercial water-borne acrylic nanodispersions and a colloidal silica for the consolidation of hydraulic lime mortars. The characterisation analyses of these products were performed by using SAXS, TEM, FT-IR and surface tension measurement. Furthermore, the protection and consolidation efficiency of these products was evaluated through physical investigations (water capillarity absorption, water vapour permeability and water repellence), tribological test, morphological observations (SEM) and colorimetric measurements. The obtained results highlighted the correlation between the chemical and physical characteristics of these products, the deepness reached into the mortar substrate and the effectiveness of the consolidation treatment.
KEYWORDS: nanodispersion, colloidal silica, consolidation, hydraulic lime.
C. Benocci
In the Villa Sciarra at Rome the use of a new kind of “passonate” (palisades) for restoration of declivity near Mura Gianicolensi save the garden of the XVIIIth century. The more dangerous collapse of the near slopes on Via Dandolo made necessary to improve traditional way of restoration with ways coming from natural engineering: “gradonate”(a special kind of banks) and natural textiles (jute and cocoanut), palisades and use of wood for hard slopes, with suitable shrubs and herbs. The result is a creation of a natural textile able to support steep slopes with natural materials in the historical gardens.
KEY-WORDS: Villa Sciarra at Rome, palisades, natural engineering, natural textiles, shrubs, herbs.
A. Boninu, U.Colombari, G.e de Boni, A. Pandolfi
n.d.
C. Landim Fritoli, E. Leite Kruger, J. Bernardo
da Silva, M. Pereira da Rocha
This work analyzes the microclimatic data collected outdoors and in the Central Library Periodic Section of Federal University of Technology of Paraná, in Curitiba.
Environmental conditions were analyzed by measuring temperature (T) and relative humidity (UR), comparing the collected data with those recommended for preservation of archives by Permanence Index (PI) and Time Weighted Preservation Index (TWPI), which quantifies the effects of the microclimate (temperature and relative humidity) in life expectancy of collections on paper. This research has also analyzed the spatial, constructive and architectonic aspects of the library building, in order to discuss the environment (spatial) factors, which are determinant in the conservation of documents.
The research results have considered, according to the equations, that the library is inadequate for keeping books and documents and concluded that the outdoor climatic conditions are more favorable than the indoor ones. Considering the architectural features of the building, suggestions are made in order to better the internal microclimate.
KEY-WORDS: preventive conservation, paper degradation, higrothermal parameters
M. P. Borgarino
The cultural heritage sector can be conceived as a place for hybridization of knowledge and skills.
The paper discusses this “natural” attitude towards innovation and analyses the outcomes of the local development experiences which have believed, over the last years, in the strategic role of the built heritage in increasing the cultural capital of the site and not only in developing tourism.
The text is divided in two parts: the first section (par. 2 - 3) is focused on the economic contributions of conservation activities, also considering the current revision of the concept of innovation, while the second part (par. 4 - 5) is instead dedicated to the role played by local actors in the process of nominations for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
KEY- WORD: innovazione, ibridazione,
capitale sociale, sviluppo locale, World Heritage List.
G. C.Borellini, G. Cavagnini, C.Coccoli, E. Susani
The paper describes the results of a conservation project in digital form. It is a sperimental project applied to the porch of Santo Stefano Church in Viggiù (Varese).
The project 's aim was the application of new methodologies and tools for the management of data and information refered to restoration works. The starting points of this project were some pioneering experiences of the past decade based on ipertext, G.I.S. and Web-G.I.S.
On the church of Santo Stefano in Viggiù were tested and implemented:
1. new methods for collectioning, organizing, consulting and processing data;
2. new methods for the preparation of bill of quantities;
3. new tools to facilitate the sharing of the acquired knowledge and information.
KEY-WORD: conservation, documentation, G.I.S., SICaR, Viggiù (VA).
M.T. Ronchi
In a context of increasing globalization and multiculturalism, heritage conservation will become ever more a social practice, and will play a key role in the recognition of shared values, in managing cultural conflicts and fostering sustainable development. Through the integration of technical and social dimension of the interventions, their quality and effectiveness can be increased.
Within the technological field, the social dimension of innovation is addressed through processes of Technology Assessment. They adopt consensus building techniques and involve different social actors in a debate on issues which, despite having a strong social interest, are usually addressed only within groups of experts.
Given the social relevance of heritage conservation, structured assessment processes could be experimented also in this field, implemented at the local level with a twofold objective. First, they could contribute to the recognition of shared values, increasing the fairness of the decisions on operations and management strategies. Second, assuming the techniques as object of assessment, they could help to disseminate innovative products and technologies. At the same time, they could deepen the knowledge of local techniques, which sometimes are more effective or sustainable, providing useful information to orient further research.
KEY-WORDS Heritage Conservation, value-based approach, innovative activities, Technology Assessment, consensus building.
C. Livraghi, M. Scaltritti
The paradigm change underlying the transition from the logic of restoration to planned conservation describes a new method of action on cultural heritage over time and tied to a concept of continuity. The intervention on the Cultural Heritage, in a logic of process can be described by a model-information-control decisions, where the activity of knowledge determines the objectives and guiding project choices.
The verification and validation activities, in this framework, are a dynamic instrument of control, co-evolutionary perspective, between information input and conservation / transformation choices.
Under the circular logic of the process is decisive that early stage of the process is projected to strategic reasons in terms of long-term maintenance issue in program format. So it is essential that the management of information, in the interests of flexibility, is organized so as to structure a solid knowledge base and structured, comprehensive but not redundant.
For the planning and execution of maintenance activities is essential the preliminary acquisition of a cognitive frame of the characteristics and condition of the building and the technical elements. Action preliminary to the acquisition of information on the building is the adoption of a single system of classification and organization.
KEY-WORD: decision process, planned conservation, project evaluation, quality, project information .
S. Rescic,P. Plescia, E. Tempesta, F. Fratini,
A.Mecchi, P.L. Cossari, G.M. Zuppi
This work concerns the first results of an experimental study for the synthesis of a new class of materials based on geopolymers to be used in the conservation of Cultural Heritage and in particular for the restoration of natural and artificial stone materials. Geopolymers are inorganic materials produced artificially in a process called "geopolymerisation" from aluminosilicates activated with alkaline oxides. Geopolymers can be produced with volcanic ash, tuff, pozzolan and artificial materials such as metakaolin, blast-furnace slag, etc.. These materials have proved to be particularly promising in various sectors (construction, ceramic, etc.). In our study we tried to activate the silicon-aluminates by mechanochemistry, to reduce the use of alkalis such as soda or potash that in the field of Cultural Heritage can be particularly harmful. To activate the materials it has been used a planetary mill to cause the complete amorphization of the crystal lattice. In this way the silicon and aluminium in the raw materials are more readily available to be extracted in aqueous solution. As raw material, quartz and kaolin have been selected, the first because of the simple composition and the second because widely used as a precursor of geopolymers. On the powders obtained in this way, an extraction in distilled water and in aqueous solutions at different pH has been done. In these solutions was then determined the content of Si and Al by ICP analysis. The analysis showed that solutions alternative to soda and potash can have a good extracting power able to provide a solutions sufficiently rich in Si and Al, then potentially useful as a strengthening product of degraded stone material.
KEY-WORD: geopolymers, inorganic consolidants, mechanochemistry, stone consolidation.
T. Ferreira
The ‘Rota do Românico’ (Romanesque Itinerary), in the north of Portugal, is an innovative and exemplary process in the country, particularly as far as safeguard and management are concerned, aiming at the strengthening of local economy by endogenous and integrated development. It is the only touristic structured itinerary in the country, awarded nationally and internationally. Since 2003, with the benefit of European Union resources, as well as the cooperation between municipalities and heritage protection institutes, it was allowed for the safeguard of 58 Romanesque monuments (such as bridges, chapels, churches, towers and monasteries), for an extension of 764 km2. Those are being be progressively amplified and connected to other ‘networks’ and cultural landscapes.
KEY-WORDS: ITINERARIO ROMANICO TUTELA CONSERVAZIONE
M. D‟Aprile, M. Bicco, D.
Brigante, L. Ferri, P. Argenziano
Structures investigated in this paper make rehabilitation measures set on the use of fiber-reinforced polymers, not always, mechanically adaptable on these specific configurations. To avoid an approximate technological transfer, based on tests acquired in different contexts, on the basis of the indications established by the CNR-DT 201/2005, this paper explores the implementation and procedural issues, together with potential problems of the strengthening and of the improvement of the mechanical properties of such timber structures, especially, by the use of the CFRP. Looking on recent practical applications, through a careful macroscopic reading of the conservative state of treated timber sections, extended to the identification by thermographic analysis of gaps and micro-cracks, as well as of differential displacements verified with extensometers, we evaluate the durability, the efficiency and the compatibility of some of the most common intervention technologies with CFRP in this field over time. Based on analytical and instrumental data collected in the examined contexts, with the most important problematic then emerge the cares and the precautions of greater impact.
KEYWORDS: CFRP, string and fabric of FRP, thermography, ancient timber members, ISCARSAH documents, CNR-DT 201/2005
I. Natali, F. Marinelli, E. Carretti, L.
Angelova,R. G. Weiss, P. Baglioni, L.Dei
The study concerning High Viscosity Polymeric Dispersions as new cleaning tools is here presented. The rheological properties of these systems have been investigated in order to characterize the mechanical behaviour of these new dispersions. Our purpose was to set up a cleaning tool capable to overcome those limits that traditional methods, as well as already adopted cleaning agents, present. It has been demonstrated that their mechanical properties can be modulated just varying the concentration of each component. In fact, the viscosity and the elastic character can be tuned, in relation to the needs of each case study, by increasing both the concentration of poly (vinyl acetate) and borax (crosslinker). Good results in terms of capability to soften degraded patinas and controlled cleaning action have been achieved onto a wood panel by Ludovico Cardi called “Il Cigoli”. These systems are transparent and uncoloured, so that the conservator can monitor the cleaning action during the application; the total amount of organic solvent is reduced maintaining good performances, leading to a reduction of the impact.
KEYWORDS: Poly(vinylacetate), High Viscosity Polymeric Dispersions, Cleaning of Painting Surfaces, Viscoelasticity.
A. Nuccio, E. Carretti, P. Baglioni, L. Dei
The synthesis and the characterization of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles/Paraloid B72 nanocomposites and their possible application to the conservation of stone materials are presented in this contribution. Various synthesis strategies have been followed in order to obtain stable systems. The nanocomposites materials have been studied after their deposition onto the surface of some microscope glasses. Optical microscopy investigations indicate that the morphology of the film and the size of the aggregates is strictly related both to the procedure of preparation and to the ratio between the amount of the Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles and the Paraloid B72. Scotch Tape Test measurements performed onto the surface of some mortar samples treated with the nanocomposites set up indicate the good consolidating power of the developed systems.
KEY-WORDS: Consolidation, Nanocomposites, Acrylic Copolymers, Nanoparticles, Calcium Hydroxyde.
H. Fallahdar
n.d.
B. Scala
Research regarding the restoration and maintence of buildings has been funded by many City Hall councils that are within the area of Valtenesi (BS).The administrative councils for numerous City halls are the property owners of varioius castles that have also been developed into private residences within the castle complexes. In this zone of Valtenesi, there are various castles, however. All of these castles are similar in structure, and therefore, I wished to study their similarities: the same stones used for their construction, and constructed roughly during the same period of time. These seven castles also used a simple but functional means of communications to be used as a system of defense. My research includes a scientific analyse of the structure of the castles, stone analysis, chemical analysis, to establish the stability of each structure and to arrive at a fundamental understanding of the state of health of the structure and the appropriate action necessary to improve its present deterriorating state.I created a project explaining the use of fixed points of the roof or infrastructure where a hanging apparatus can be attached to lower platforms to restore areas unaccessible from the ground, or to repair towers that are only accessible from the roofs. I also invented a machine, named verticiclo (Verticle bi-cycle) that permits the average person to work on exterior walls. This machine is made out of aluminium and is light enough for labourers to operate while hanging from fixed points to work on unaccessible areas of a building. I would like to note that this machine is exceptionally economic and therefore reduces restoration costs. Whereas, most apparatus used today is very expensive to mount and dismount. Also most exterior or interior restoration apparatus has security regulations that must be guaranteed. A certificate guaranteeing the security of the machine that I have invented has been verified to be a plausible and in future, probable reality. I invented this machine out of necessity because to do my research there was not anything at my disposition that was similar or as effective.
KEY-WORDS Maintence, Valtenesi, castles, platforms to restore
N. Sulfaro
Recently, Web 2.0
technology has introduced a new concept of knowledge based on users being able
to produce, tag and share source free information. The main revolution consists in high
interactivity between subject and object: users have the chance to turn from
being passive consumers into active participants. “Locative media”, “collaborative mapping” and
“mobile gaming” are examples of how social medias and consumer technology
devices (smartphone, tablet, etc.) have modified people’s way of relating to
places, while in situ.
The present contribution
aims to reflect the convenience of including web-based technologies in
conservation/fruition planning, through close examination of real cases. This approach may represent an opportunity to
change the traditional experience of architectural heritage. Some of the first applications in the field
of cultural assets have concerned development of web-based services to visit
virtual or real sites, in situ (Augmented Mixed Reality and Radio Frequency
Identification) and experiments based on creating and sharing contents by the
visitors (Web 2.0 storytelling).
The benefits of applying
this kind of technology to cultural heritage include less invasive impact for
historical sites and buildings and wider accessibility for users. However, some
risks could include transposing cultural heritage to mass tourism circuits and
trivializing or misunderstanding the meaning of a monument.
KEY-WORDS: fruition, Web 2.0, social media,
storytelling, RFID, Augmented Mixed Reality, audio walks
M. Bertoldi, S.Bortolotto, D. Gulotta, L. Toniolo, D.
Triglione, G.Haus, P. Tucci
The famous “Cortile del Richini” (main building of
the University of Milan) has been subjected to an extensive study for the
knowledge and monitoring of the state of conservation of both the surfaces and
the materials. A large number of researchers have been engaged in an
interdisciplinary work aimed at collecting new data after in situ and
laboratory investigations. Updated results have been correlated to those
acquired during the last conservation campaign carried out in 1990-93. All data
have been managed by the latest release of a web-based GIS software, called
SICaR. The close observations of the sculpted surfaces decorating the courtyard
revealed a very worrying situation, which includes severe damages such as new
crusts, detachments, scaling, fissuring and cracks, as well as a huge
deposition of particulate matter. Guidelines for the planning of the ordinary
and extraordinary maintenance works will be defined and shared with the
management board of the University of Milan.
KEYWORDS:
3D laser scanner, webGIS, SICaR, Angera stone, stone degradation, planned
conservation
L. Sala, A. Fontanini, B. Scala
In recognizing the significance of the extraordinary results achieved in the testing of materials and innovative technologies in the field of restoration this paper wants to focus on the importance of a closer examination of the effectiveness of traditional methods and materials as a starting point for a more informed interventive conservation. We describe below the cases of some treatments where the characteristics of procedural choices adopted in previous restorations have been approached and verified: a critical analysis of the maintenance procedures executed in the past has allowed to discern the operative solutions and the materials still efficient and to present them again with few corrections avoiding an uncritical, common use of new products that are sometimes very invasive.
This study compares the methods of extrados strengthening and of tying of the light vaults and of the detached plaster in use from the seventeenth century until the middle of last century.
KEY-WORD: strengthening, nailing, grappe, light ceilings, catinelle, arelle.
A.Ortolan
The paper analyzes the historical references of the use of the protein additives and, in particular, the characteristics and the properties of the milk casein and egg albumin that were added to the mortars. The research project is part of the study program of the Chemical Sciences for Conservation and Restoration Laboratory of the University Ca’ Foscari Venezia. The research is inspired by the techniques of the past: natural organic substances as additives to the traditional historic mortars was used in order to improve the mechanical characteristics. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate that the lime based mortars with a very small addition of natural protein can achieve excellent workability and offer a viable alternative to the use of acrylic substances as plasticizer.
Several samples of lime mortars with the addition of natural protein were prepared exposed for several months outdoors in different environmental conditions. The main problem of the presence of organic substances is the risk of occurrence of microbiological attacks. For this reason the research has focused mainly on this aspect.
KEY-WORDS Lime mortars, proteins, workability, microbiologic attack, casein, egg albumin, biodeteriogens.
I. Barbetti, A. Brunetto, A. Felici, M. Lanfranchi,
M.Mascalchi, S. Siano
This contribution illustrates the intervention of laser cleaning on the vault of the Cappella Maggiore in the restoration of the pictorial cycle depicting Storie della Vera Croce painted by Agnolo Gaddi around 1380. The cleaning of this area has been particularly problematic especially on the parts of the sky painted with azurite a secco above an underlayer realized with morellone affresco. The parts in azurite had many lacunae and presented, in several areas, problem of decohesion with diffused efflorescences of calcium sulfate. In this context, the conservation problem to be solved was the removal of altered overpaints and of a fixative which had discolored towards brownish tones because of the formation of calcium oxalate. The cleaning tests carried out using traditional methods had proved ineffective or difficult to control, so much as to question on whether to maintain the current conditions of the paintings without cleaning. A valid solution of the problem was found through the use of laser systems. The first tests were carried out with lasers Nd: YAG LQS and SFR, but the most efficient instruments for the type of materials to be removed and the pictorial substrates that were to be irradiated was a Nd: YAG QS used at a wavelength of 532 nm. In this way it was possible to remove the altered layers minimizing the possibility of damaging the materials of the painting.
KEY-WORD: laser cleaning, Nd:YAG, azzurrite, morellone, Agnolo Gaddi, Storie della Vera Croce, TEMART
S. Bracci, D. Magrini, F. Quercioli
Organic materials present both as binding media or varnishes in paintings show characteristic fluorescence properties which could allow their identification in a non-destructive way. The purpose of this study is to develop microscopical methodology for the non-destructive and stratigraphical analysis of the organic materials present in the layers of a cross section. In this paper we present the preliminary results about the potentialities offered by the application of CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) to the study of painting cross sections.
Reference samples and mock-ups painting have been prepared in order to create a spectral database useful for the characterization of the organic materials in real samples.
Fluorescence images and spectra have been acquired for all samples, both naturally and artificially aged, spectral data have been elaborate and then compared. The preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed.
KEY-WORDS: Confocal Microscopy, fluorescence spectra, binding media, cross sections.
R. Avagliano, E. Basso, C.Canevari, M. Malagodi
This paper deals with the diagnostic analyses carried out on some fragments from a viola da gamba made by the maker Joannes Marcus, in the second half of the 16th century. The instrument was shattered in 1943, during the Second World War, when the Conservatorio “G. Verdi” of Milan was destroyed. The shape of this viol is peculiar of that specific period, in Northern Italy. The analytical strategy provided analyses under the optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS microanalyses, and micro-infrared spectroscopy (micro FT-IR). Original inlaid purfling, varnishes, adhesives, painted decorations and wood species have been analyzed in order to characterize the organic medium and the pigments. The final purpose is to determine the ancient recipes used in the realization of wood musical instruments, in order to reproduce them in the modern lutherie.
KEY-WORDS: viola da gamba, ancient recipes, 16th century, SEM-EDS, micro FT-IR, optical microscopy, cross section, iron-gall ink
L. Capineri, D. Capitani, U. Casellato, P. Falorni, M.
Gargano, E. Grinzato, N. Ludwig, R. Olmi, S. Priori, C. Riminesi, N. Proietti,
E. Rosina, R. Ruggeri, A. Sansonetti , L. Soroldoni , M. Valentini
The different techniques used for field measurements of water content and moisture distribution in the San Rocco Church in Cornaredo, Italy, were compared and discussed.
The comparison considers the heterogeneous nature of the data collected, and the benefits and disadvantages of each technique tested. The results from the techniques used to measure water content in the superficial layer were in very good agreement. On the contrary the data from the techniques that were applied to test more deeply within the masonry showed greater variability because of the variability of the diffusion of water deep inside the material and the lack of established techniques to obtain the reference results from the deepest layers of the materials. Therefore, the discussion presented in this paper summarizes some of the obtained results that are useful when comparing the application of the techniques.
This comparison highlights the techniques according to their reliability and feasibility for use in the field, required surface features for the application and work conditions associated with the use of the tests.
KEYWORDS: evanescent field dielectrometry (EFD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), holographic radar, infrared thermography (IRT), microwave, gravimetric tests, fixed points, moisture
A. Formia, M. Zerbinatti, J. M. Tulliani, M. Gomez
Serito, E. De Filippis
This paper focusses the attention on a particular external plaster, with dark grey colour and a very smooth and thin finishing, applied on northern façades of many chapels at Sacro Monte di Varallo Sesia (Piedmont, Italy).
Within a broader research programme, these external plasters and finishing are now under investigation in order to define: the most frequent conservative problems issues, the materials constituting such particular surfaces, the receipes that are most suitable for conservation and restoration interventions.
In a next stage, on site tests will be performed with conservators and plasterers to test the validity of the receipes designed for restoration.
KEY-WORDS. External plasters, smooth and thin finishing, characterization, mortar, Sacro Monte di Varallo.
P.Ascione, M.Bellomo
One of the EU 2007-2013 program strategic goals is urban and building refurbishment, identified as a fundamental priority of all EU economic and social development policies.
Moreover the need to reduce energy consumption and conserve resources show signs that a building cycle is imminent which will be driven by the promotion of sustainable actions, building redevelopment, qualified planning and technological innovation.
The measures required to ensure recovery can be related to the appropriate responses to current dissatisfaction with housing and the need to requalify the existing built heritage which, as everybody knows, not only is increasingly obsolescent but fails to meet up to new standards of comfort, security and usability.
In this scenario the residential districts of public housing represent a special case because are symbols of the architectural culture of 20th century.
Two facts of cultural heritage management have to be taken into account: the application of the traditional instruments to protect old city centres to “newer” modern buildings and the acceptance of “technology” as a value characterising 20th century architecture.
This paper puts to illustrate how the need to improve out-of-date technical solutions to deal with the newly realised sustainability principles requires ad hoc refurbishment strategies for these significant contexts.
KEY-WORDS Energy retrofit, Sustainable refurbishment, cultural values, partecipation,
A. Di Muzio
The theme of renewable energy is becoming object of increasing attention by public and private purchasers and guardianship body.
In case of use of innovative fittings in archaeological circle is important to consider the basic principles of restoration field (least intervention, reversibility, physical-chemical and mechanical compatibility, preservation of authenticity) because we operate on ruins which often are deeply connected with the environment. On the one hand we must experiment with efficient use of energy also in the ruins field, on the other we must never forget the real aims consisting in preserving them and above all respecting their residual figurativeness. These are the reasons why we should plan with sensibility in order to set up a connection between the new fittings and the archaeological areas they are designed for.
KEY-WORD: Archaeological sites, shelters on archaeological finds, renewable energy, sustainability
K. Fabbri, K. Ambrogio, M. Zuppiroli
This contribution aims to present the synthesis of an ongoing research, developed in two different PhD dissertations, regarding the improvement of energy efficiency of buildings, when it comes to dealing with the complexity and heterogeneity of the urban fabric for the pre-industrial basic building. In particular, a learning and operating approach is developed, which allows to recognize the physiological limit of transformability of the preindustrial basic building characteristics for energy performance enhancement, beyond which a process of incompatible alteration is implemented. By preindustrial basic building is meant the product of a building process which is the result of a non-codified practice preceding the industrialization of the components and the organization of the process itself; it is designed for residence purposes and it is the result of a spontaneous development of building types. The study identifies a methodological and interdisciplinary approach which is consistent with the principles of restoration, suggesting terms, concepts and learning modes at territory level, in order to orient the process of restoration currently adopted for the intervention on preindustrial basic building. Furthermore, we developed instruments which are useful to learn and manage the transformations at the territory level. These instruments target also administrations and political decision-makers, in order to direct energy and territory planning policies which are compatible with the historical context.
KEY-WORD: Energy efficiency improvement historical building, traditional building, EPBD, restoration, conservation, GIS.
R. Adhikari, E. Longo, V. Pracchi, A. Rogora, E.Rosina,
G. Schippa
Changing the approach energy rehabilitation of historical buildings could resolve the problem: to think in terms of improvement instead of trying to meet necessarily the rigid requirements of the regulations. Aim of the research is to propose a methodology to evaluate the energetic features of historical buildings and also to evaluate the reliability of the existing software, mostly designed for the contemporary architecture, when applied on historical buildings. The features of historical buildings are hardly represented by the parameter-range and descriptions of these tools, due to the differences in the materials and morphology with respect to contemporary architectures. Nevertheless there are some dynamic modelling software that can partially simulate the thermal behaviour also for a historical building and the paper’s conclusion shows the requirements for the needed development.
KEY-WORD energy, restoration, software, solid masonry, historical buildings, rising damp
V.Marino
This paper aims at proposing a methodology to design energy retrofit measures for small historical town centres. The proposal of these measures for historical buildings, free from Italian and European standards on energy efficiency, is due to the need of making their usability comparable and competitive to new buildings, to guarantee continuity of use and maintenance. The objective is to consider the small town centre as a whole instead of facing the problem of energy efficiency from the point of view of a single building.
The case study analysed is the historical village of Montieri, an old small town settled in Colline Metallifere area in Grosseto province of Tuscany. The Montieri municipaliy is involved in a European project of CONCERTO initiative, called Geothermal Communities. Objectives of this project are the realization of geothermal district heating network inside the old town and the energy retrofitting of part of the building estate. The retrofit project consists in studying specific measures to improve energy efficiency of historical building without damaging their cultural value.
KEY-WORD energy retrofit, historical town centre, urban scale
G. Botticelli, F. Fratini, M. Matteini, S. Rescic
Starting from the experience of the passivating-protective treatment based on ammonium oxalate for calcareous stone materials, the idea came to experiment with the purpose of consolidation, the behavior of ammonium phosphate, a very promising substance for its high solubility and for the low solubility of the reaction products (calcium phosphate). This paper illustrates this innovative approach, summarizing the principles, the changes induced in the treated stone with regard to cohesion, color, water absorption capacity and development of neoformation phases. The method is still being tested in laboratory with applications on plasters and marble. It will soon open a phase of cautious in situ experimentation on ancient works, on surfaces of limited size and, of course, of low historical value.
KEY-WORD consolidation, ammonium phosphate, calcareous stone material, calcium phosphate
R. Cecchi, P. Gasparoli, S. Podestà
The
paper defines a new method to obtain a real conservation of archaeological
find. It is based on a multidisciplinary approach in order to take into account
both the structural behaviour and the maintenance aspects. Only through the
definition of a Maintenance Protocol (project) it is possible to guarantee a
real protection of a archaeological rest. In the work a first application of
the proposed methodology is shown regarding the Trebio Valente domus in Pompei.
KEY-WORD: preventive
conservation, maintenance, visual inspections, restoration.